2.
   2021
/  

[   (. 1469-1799)]
: 3     :100
:    -    ,        
             
1. (i)         ?
(ii)     -      
2.                
        
3.                   
 
4.              
5.             
6.           
7.         ?        ?
2.
8.      ?         
   2021
/  

[   (. 1469-1799)]
: 3     :100
:    -    ,        
             
1. (i)         ?
(ii)     -      
: (i)      
 
       ,  
    
    
   
  , 
,              
,          ,     ,
 ,    ,  ,      , 
,          

 
       
1.     
         ,        
  
;          
2.
      '  ,        
-      :
  (,  ,   )
  (  )
     
    ,     
    
 ,    , , ,       
  ',           

     ,       
2.           
  ,    ,       
          
  :
   
-    
      
    ( )
     ( )
      ( )
  ',             ,
,        '    
   ,   ,       '  
 ,           
3.        
            -  
             
 
   :
   
   
   
2.
   
   
             
      , ,     '  
  ',      ,      
         
4.        
      (        ), 
(),             :
    
   
  
 -     
   '    
     
    :
    
    
    
   ,           
   ,        
5.  ,     
           :
 
 
 
        ,       
,             
,             
, ,     
2.
                () '
           ,  
 
           
6.        
      
 -  ,    
          ,     , 
           
 :
-
 

  
                
    ,         
 ,      '      :
  
  
    
    
    ,         
7.       
              
 
  :
    
    
      

,        
      ,          
,         , ,     -
2.
         '  
 ,  
 '   
 
8.         
 ,       
       
     ,  , ,    
      , , ,      
       
  ',            
 ,     ,    
     
    

  ,          
   
 
   ,  ,  ,  ,
       
  ,   
        ,    
,     ,       

                
      
(ii) 
       ,    
   -   , ,  ,        
   '     
  ,   ,
, ,        , -  
      , , ,  , , ,
,   , , , -       
 -  -         -  ,
, , ,        
2.
          
🌿-: -  
  
              ,     
   ,       ,     ,
,             
  ,           

      , ,  -,  
     
, -   " "        
        ,      
                 
             -     

-       
 
            
  ,
, ,        '   , , 
,   , ,       
  
:
      ,  
      
     
     : , ,   
         -   ,
   ,    
 ,    
    
      ,     
 ,          
  
 ()
2.
 ,   ,   ,        
 ,        , ,  , ,
        
  :
       
      
   
  (  )      
   ,        
        
   ,         
     
 ( )
  -   -   -, , , ,   
 -     
     :
  , , 
 ,  , 
   '     ,      
 
       ,    ' 
        
     -     !
,   
     - , , , ,  
  
         
(),   (),    (  ' ), -
 ,    ,     ( )   
 
  :
2.
 -        
 
         
    ,     
 
            
           '  

, ,  
 ,  , ,        
     
 
 :
    
  
  
 -
     
  ,  "    "    
, ,   
        , , ,   
    ,     
 
-, -,  ,  ,     ,  
         , , , 
  -   
  :
      
,     

 
     -     
       
2.
     -    ,       
      
2.                
        
:🌟     :      
 
-
            
,    
 ,    ,     ,       
 
       ,     1469   
,          ,     
       ,       : 
 ,            
🧾  
1.    ( )
          ""   ,    " 
"
         
 ,      
;     -   ,
  ,   
          ,    

👉    :      ,        
       
2.      
   ,    

  ,  ,       
 ,     -         
2.
👉 ,            

        
3.    
           
    
 , ,           
              
       
👉 
          ,  
  
   
🧾  ' 
           
 -     
  ,  ,   
,      
1.   ( )
    - 
    ,   ,         
  ,   
👉:            
 ,           '    
2.     ( )

  
 ,     
        ( )   ,     
        
👉   
            
  
3.     ()
        
              
,   
 ,         
👉  -             
2.
4.     
     -    
       -   ,   ,  

    ,         
👉 ,        ,   

5.   
       
         ,  
    
     
👉         ,   ,  
  
6.      ( )
     ,     
    
      
👉      , -      '  
🧾   
  
       
       ,      
    
   ,   '     - 
  ,    '      
     
        
 -
       
   ,   ,     
  
 

           :   ,    ,
   ,        '       :
  ,    ,     ,    , 
  
2.
 ,    :       

   ,   ,           
            -     , 
    
3.                   
 
:              
 
        ,         
      ,        
   
 -           ,    
               ,
              ,
,       
 
   
      31  1504          
                 
-              ,
               
    
                 
        
         
  
          , 
               -
           
         
                   
               
2.
                
  ,     '        
      
-                ,
                
               
     ,            
,        
 ,          ,  
 ,    "  ",         
  '    
        

 ,     '  
    
   ,              
              
   ,         
   , 
 ,         '  
  ,         , , 
        -      
 - ,       
 ,     
        
       
          
;     
             ,  
      '   
1.    
                 
 ,          
   
    ,            
2.
             
:
           
        
            

 ,              
      
2.        
                
     
,   ,       
      ,        
    ,          
3.       
           
;   
            ( 
)       :
     
     
          '  
  '             
    
4.     
      ( )   ,        
      ,        ,
   ,   
,          
             ,     
      
   
 -          
2.
5. , ,   
              ,   
 ,  -            
     
,          
    ,    ,      
      '    

                 
       ,       
, 
      ,   ,   
,        
,     
    ,         
  ,         ,    
    
  '         
        
   , ,   
     
4.              
:🌟      -       
-
      
   ,    1606 
,    ,           
          
        
  ,             ' 
     
🧾       
1.  
2.
         ,      ,   
   '           
           
           ,  
       
👉   '             
    
2.  
             -  
    
        ,        
 
             
 
👉    ,           

  " 
"         
3.   
      
  ,        
       ,     

               
  
👉        ,      
 
4.    
      ,        
   
         
           
 
👉          
2.
🧾 
        :
      '          
     ,        ,   
    
                   

🧾       
1.    
    ,     ' ,    '   
 
    :        
   
        - (   ) 
      
              
👉        -   

2.     
          
          
              
 
👉          
3.   
            
        
        ,    
       
2.
👉         
4.     
                  
  
      
       ,      
      
👉            
🧾  
           
            
    ,       ,    
     

       ,       
           :    
   ,    ,      ' 
 
  ,             
 -  
                
     ,       

       
5.             
: 
  ,      ,  
  
   
   ,    , ,      
              ,    
            , , ,
              
        -       
      
2.
:  
 ?
         ,    ,     
            
            
               ,
        ,   ,  
 '  1675       
         ,      
   ,         
   ,
     '  
  
   
            
 ;
 ,        , 1699 ,     
 ,               
               
    
            ,  
                  
         
    
          ,   '   
  
        '        
:
    
         ,         
         ' -        
       ,         
            '   ' 
 ,                 
2.
 '      
       
   
  
                ,
                  
 ,      -        -  
  ,      
   ,     
    ,   
💔    
           ,    (9 ) 
   (7 )           
   ,             
                ,
           
                 
    
         
       ,       ,  
 '          "" (  )
        ,      ' 
,              , 
            ,    
 
    
 -  ,      
 
        
 ;  ,   
   
       ,      ,  1707 
   
   
2.
    ,            
       ,         
          ,      
  
,     
         
              ,    
       
 
1708 ,          ,       
         '        
         ,        
,     
   ,           
   
                
     ,           , 
        

  ,        , ,  
          
;    , 
 ,                 
   ,            ,
            
6.           
:🌟       
-
              
        1670   (   ) 
2.
    ,          
     
        
         
🧾  
1.   
               
  
     ,       ,   
   
 
,        
2.   
15    ,           
    ,       
          
     ,         
👉              
 
 
🧾     
  1708        ,        

       ,           
  
       ,        , " , 
  () "
 ,       -        
👉    :          
       
🧾    
1.  
            
   (1709):     ,     
     
2.
    :       

   (1710):          
,               
        ,    
👉               

2.    
   ,     ()      
  
           '   ,    
 
  :  ,     ,    

3.  
        
;      
      ,  
     
     ,       
             
 
👉              

4.    
    ,     
              , 
   
 ,         '  
🧾  
            
    
  (1715)       ,     
              1716
    
2.
         ,       
 
🧾
              
 

           

          
              
   

               
    ,         ,  
 ,            
:  ,    ,           
,   ,        
  ,          ,     
     ,      
7.         ?        ?
:               
 
             ,   

  ,     ,   ,          
                  
           
  1726  1745      ()       
                 
                 ,
           ,    
               
           
2.
       
     
  -        
  ,        
1.   ' 
                
               
            ,  
  
   ""              
    
 ,               
     ,            

2.    
       ,          
  ,       
     ,  
           '       
  -        '    
   -     ,          
           ,        
       
3.    ' 
       '           :
    '   
  
         
    '     
      ,      
             '   
    
2.
4.     
    ' , ,         
        - '  ,     
,                
 '      '     
                
5.   ' 
   
        ,    
  ,      ,       
-              
        ,    
         
   ,    
   ,    , 
              
1.      

      ,        :
,
,
,
 - 
     ,     ,   ,  ,    
        ;          
    
     ,     ,
      
 
2.
2.       
           
  
 
                
:
 ,
 ,
 ,
          
                  
,  '   '  ,        
    ,        
3.      
                  
     ,            
               
           
              ,
           
4.    
        ,     -  
 -            ,   
             
5.         
    1745        ,   
       ,         ,  
           ,   
          
2.
   '        ,  ,  
    

                   

     ,        
      '  ,     '  ,
         
,     
    ,    
   ,      ,    '   
              ,  
,         
 ,           
 -    '
     ,            
  ,      
8.      ?         
:-
           ,    
       18
   ,     
  
      
  ,    
     ,          , 
    ,        
 
🧾:    
?
18
        
1708         ,      
     
        ,  1716      
   ,    
           ,   
  ,        
2.
👉   ,           -
       ,     ,    
         
🧾   
      ' 1748     
     ,    ,    
          
     
  - ,    
     
👉     ""  "",        
    
    ,        ,
           
🧾    
1.   
  12  ()    
           ,   

-   ,          
  '  
👉      :      
2.  
  
     '  
          '    
     ,          
👉  ,           
3.  
       
 ,        
    ,     '     
         
2.
👉        ,       
 
4.  
     
;        
              
     
  ,            
👉            
5.  
        '   
          
           
🧾   
1.   
   -       
    ,         
  
            
 
2.    
         
            

    -          
 
3.    
         

            
 19
            
  
4.  
2.
        
-           
 
5.     
   ,       
               
     

 ,   1748        ,    
     ,          ,
     ,         
     ,     ,      
  
      
  :       -          
    
   -       

   ,               
 
"              
  
       ,       
 "